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Objectives: To compare the interpretation for cosmesis post-hypospadias repair by child, parents and surgeons using modified Pediatric Penile Perception Scale (PPPS). Methods: This cross-sectional study involving 50 children (aged 2 to 17 years) with hypospadias was conducted at the pediatric surgery department of our public sector tertiary care hospital. Subjects were assessed 6 months after completion of all stages of hypospadias repair. Cosmetic assessment was done using modified PPPS. We clubbed together the variables ‘meatus’ and ‘glans’ as MG (meatus-glans) complex due to their extreme proximity (embedding), while cosmesis of phallus was considered independently. The modified PPPS scoring parameters included phallus, MG complex, shaft skin, and general appearance. Independent assessment by surgeon, patients and parents was compared, and analyzed using SAS 9.2 statistical software. Cosmetic results of single vs staged repair, and different repair types was compared. Results: Assessment using modified PPPS showed that MG complex cosmesis and skin scarring were the most heeded parameters by all three categories of observers. PPPS by surgeons remained least affected by phallic cosmesis and that of the patient by the overall phallic appearance. Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) scored better on cosmesis. Conclusion: Phallic cosmesis should be considered an independent variable for assessing cosmetic outcome of hypospadias, apart from MG cosmesis.
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Introduction: The medical curriculum, the medium of instruction and evaluation in India, is primarily English. While it has the advantage of preparing Indian medical graduates to represent and interact globally, it also translates into learning difficulties for a substantial population of Indian medical students. Hindi is the common language of communication among majority of the population in Uttar Pradesh.Madhya Pradesh Government in India has already started the option of pursuing the allopathic graduate medical course in Hindi. There is paucity of data regarding opinion of medical professionals about implementation of Medical Education in Hindi in Uttar Pradesh and nearby states. Objective: To assess the attitude and opinion of medical students and medical professionals towards using Hindi in Medical Education. Method: A cross-st stsectional web-based online survey was conducted between 1 December 2022 and 31 January 2023. Undergraduate medical students, interns, residents and faculty from medical colleges, hospitals of Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring states (Uttarakhand and Bihar) were contacted to participate in this survey using pretested structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 1606 participants responded and answered the questionnaire and 1575 responses were found complete and used in analysis.Most participants (52.8%) believed that Medical Education in Hindi would attract more students from Hindi backgrounds to join the medical field. Similarly, 58.9% of participants were of the opinion that Medical Education in Hindi would improve communication with patients. However, about half of the participants (49.5%) perceived teaching in Hindi as a hurdle in acquiring higher education. Conclusion: More than half of the participants thought that medical education in Hindi will attract more students from Hindi backgrounds to join the medical field. Similarly, Medical Education in Hindi was perceived to improve communication skills with patients, at least where Hindi is a vernacular language by majority of the participants.
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Background@#and Purpose Intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS)-related stroke occurs due to three primary mechanisms with distinct infarct patterns: (1) borderzone infarcts (BZI) due to impaired distal perfusion, (2) territorial infarcts due to distal plaque/thrombus embolization, and (3) plaque progression occluding perforators. The objective of the systematic review is to determine whether BZI secondary to ICAS is associated with a higher risk of recurrent stroke or neurological deterioration. @*Methods@#As part of this registered systematic review (CRD42021265230), a comprehensive search was performed to identify relevant papers and conference abstracts (with ≥20 patients) reporting initial infarct patterns and recurrence rates in patients with symptomatic ICAS. Subgroup analyses were performed for studies including any BZI versus isolated BZI and those excluding posterior circulation stroke. The study outcome included neurological deterioration or recurrent stroke during follow-up. For all outcome events, corresponding risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. @*Results@#A literature search yielded 4,478 records with 32 selected during the title/abstract triage for full text; 11 met inclusion criteria and 8 studies were included in the analysis (n=1,219 patients; 341 with BZI). The meta-analysis demonstrated that the RR of outcome in the BZI group compared to the no BZI group was 2.10 (95% CI 1.52–2.90). Limiting the analysis to studies including any BZI, the RR was 2.10 (95% CI 1.38–3.18). For isolated BZI, RR was 2.59 (95% CI 1.24–5.41). RR was 2.96 (95% CI 1.71–5.12) for studies only including anterior circulation stroke patients. @*Conclusion@#This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that the presence of BZI secondary to ICAS may be an imaging biomarker that predicts neurological deterioration and/or stroke recurrence.
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Methods@#Primary NPCs were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using the CD24 antibody and treated with 10 μg/mL LPS for 36 hours and then treated with Cur, betamethasone, and dexamethasone (10 μg/mL) for 48 hours, after which cell cycle analysis, cell viability assay, and gene expression studies (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and quantitative real-time-PCR) were conducted. The NPCs treated with Cur downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6); matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP-3), ADAMTS; and apoptotic marker (cytochrome c). @*Results@#In our study, Cur-treated cells showed enhanced expression of collagen 9A1 and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, indicating the recovery of NPCs from inflammatory assault. @*Conclusions@#Based on observations, the anti-inflammatory properties of Cur render it an excellent drug molecule for treating disk degeneration nonsurgically, by direct injection into spinal disks when treating LBP and sciatica.
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Methods@#Primary NPCs were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using the CD24 antibody and treated with 10 μg/mL LPS for 36 hours and then treated with Cur, betamethasone, and dexamethasone (10 μg/mL) for 48 hours, after which cell cycle analysis, cell viability assay, and gene expression studies (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and quantitative real-time-PCR) were conducted. The NPCs treated with Cur downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6); matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP-3), ADAMTS; and apoptotic marker (cytochrome c). @*Results@#In our study, Cur-treated cells showed enhanced expression of collagen 9A1 and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, indicating the recovery of NPCs from inflammatory assault. @*Conclusions@#Based on observations, the anti-inflammatory properties of Cur render it an excellent drug molecule for treating disk degeneration nonsurgically, by direct injection into spinal disks when treating LBP and sciatica.
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Antimicrobial resistance poses a growing threat to public health, as infections from resistant strains of microbial become increasingly difficult and expensive to treat, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. A cross-sectional descriptive study was done among 471 higher secondary level students of private schools in Kathmandu Valley. Data were collected from Grade 11 and 12 non-science faculty students through self-administered questionnaires. Half (50.5%) of the students gave correct response by saying that antibiotic kills bacteria and 49.1% said that it is for fever. Majority (93.0%) of them said that it should be taken with water. Regarding the response on when to stop taking antibiotic, 46.9% said correctly by saying when all prescribed medicines are taken whereas and 40.8% said that after feeling better. More than half (58.8%) of the students had not heard about antibiotic resistance, whereas those who have heard among them 24% of students said that they had heard from doctor and nurses and 21.8% from family member and friends. Nearly one-third (32.7%) of students knew that antibiotic resistance occurs using antibiotic when they are not necessary. Regarding the response on consequences of antibiotic resistance, more than one-third (38.2%) of students gave correct answer. Nearly half of the students have lack of knowledge about antibiotic. Thus, it is imperative to create awareness among students by introducing a specific course on antibiotic in the 9th and 10th grade core curriculum to prevent antibiotic resistance and its consequences.
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INTRODUCTION@#Children with an anterior mediastinal mass (AMM) need general anaesthesia (GA) or deep sedation for diagnostic procedures more often than adult patients. Anaesthetic management to prevent such complications includes maintenance of spontaneous ventilation (SV) and prebiopsy corticosteroids/radiotherapy.@*METHODS@#We reviewed the medical records of children with AMM who were brought to the operating theatre for diagnostic procedures (prior to chemotherapy) between 2001 and 2013. Our aim was to describe the clinical features, radiological findings and anaesthetic management, as well as determine any association with complications.@*RESULTS@#25 patients (age range 10 months-14 years) were identified during the study period. Corticosteroid therapy was started before the biopsy for one patient. All 25 patients had GA/sedation. A senior paediatric anaesthesiologist was involved in all procedures. Among 13 high-risk patients, SV was maintained in 11 (84.6%) patients, ketamine was used as the main anaesthetic in 8 (61.5%) patients, 6 (46.2%) patients were in a sitting position and no airway adjunct was used for 7 (53.8%) patients. There were 3 (12.0%) minor complications.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on our results, we propose a simplified workflow, wherein airway compression of any degree is considered high risk. For patients with high-risk features, multidisciplinary input should be sought to decide whether the child would be fit for a procedure under GA/sedation or considered unfit for any procedure. Recommendations include the use of less invasive methods, involving experienced anaesthesiologists to plan the anaesthetic technique and maintaining SV.
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Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngology procedures performed worldwide. It is also one of the first procedures learnt by residents during their training period. Although tonsillectomy is viewed relatively as a low-risk procedure, it can be potentially harmful because of the chance of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Objective: The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of peroperative factors and experience of the surgeon on the incidence and pattern of posttonsillectomy reactionary hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective review of medical charts was performed from 2014 to 2017 in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 1,284 patients who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were included in the study. The parameters assessed were experience of the surgeon, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate. Results: A total of 23 (1.79%) out of the 1,284 patients had reactionary hemorrhage. Out of those 23, 16 (69.5%) patients had been operated on by trainees, while 7 (30.5%) had been operated on by consultants (p = 0.033, odds ratio [OR] = 0.04). Operating time, intraoperative blood loss, difference in MAP and pulse rate were significantly higher in the reactionary hemorrhage group, and showed a positive association with risk of hemorrhage (p < 0.05; OR >1). Re-exploration to control the bleeding was required in 10 (76.9%) out of the 23 cases. Conclusion: The experience of the surgeon experience and peroperative factors have an association with posttonsillectomy hemorrhage. Close surveillance and monitoring of the aforementioned peroperative factors will help in the identification of patients at risk of hemorrhage (AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Tonsillectomy/adverse effects , Postoperative Hemorrhage/etiology , Pulse , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Blood Loss, Surgical , Postoperative Hemorrhage/therapy , Operative Time , Arterial Pressure , Hospitals, University , Intraoperative PeriodABSTRACT
Background: The Supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important anatomical variation resulting from perforationof olecranon-coronoid septum present between two epicondyles of humerus.Material and methods: The study was conducted in 78 (41 left side and 37 right side) human dried humeri ofunknown sex and age. The topographical anatomy of the STF was studied in detail, morphometric measurementswere taken and specimens were photographed. Radiographs of humerus were taken to observe the translucencyof septum and the diameter of intramedullary canal was measured at three levels 1) below the surgical neck 2)junction between upper 2/3rd and lower 1/3rd of shaft 3) above the olecranon fossa.Results: Out of 78 bones studied,15 bones showed the presence of STF. The STF was oval, round and triangular inshape in 7, 5 and 3 bones respectively. The mean transverse and vertical diameters of supratrochlear foramenwere 5.46 mm,5.82 mm and 3.94mm, 3.82mm on the left and right sides respectively. The mean diameter of theintramedullary canal was 4.51mm for the humeri with STF and in the normal humeri it was 5.77mm.Conclusion: The knowledge of STF is essential in diagnostic orthopaedics, in intramedullary nailing of humerusin supracondylar fracture. STF is a radiolucent area in radiographs and this may be misinterpreted as osteolyticor cystic lesion
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Background: Transcatheter device closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect is a safe & effective intervention in older children, & is usually done under transesophageal echocardiography guidance. However, the procedure under transthoracic echocardiography guidance, especially in smaller children, is done only at few centers, the data of which is scarce. Methods: A prospective study was undertaken to assess the mid-term efficacy and outcome of transcatheter device closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect under transthoracic echocardiographic guidance, in children <15 Kg. Results: Eighty three children with ostium secundum atrial septal defect were included in the study. Median age of the study population was 3.5 years (1.9-5.6 years), and median weight of 11.6 Kg (7.6 - 14.9 Kg). The primary and secondary procedural success rates were 94% and 96.4% respectively. Post procedure patients were followed up for 12-30 months. Device related major complications were encountered in 4 (4.8%) cases. The total occlusion rates of the defect at 24 hours, 1 month and 3 months post procedure were 94%, 98.8% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: The transcatheter device closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect under transthoracic echocardiography guidance, in children <15 Kg, has a high short and mid-term safety and efficacy.
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Cancer is a potentially lethal disorder with abnormal cell growth and metastasis, warranting multimodal treatment owing to its diversity and complexity. Head and neck cancers are physically and emotionally devastating disease, with profound impact on the most fundamental activities of the subjects’ daily life such as the ability to speak, breathe, eat, drink, and socialize. The side-effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy get superimposed on the existing problems and cause new problems resulting in significant morbidity and suffering. Methods: This Prospective Observational study was conducted at the Department of ENT, Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Chennai, India. All subjects were evaluated for toxicities using RTOG/EORTC toxicity criteria and Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC). Results: Hypopharynx was the most common site of malignancy observed (31.6 %). Pain (90%) and appetite loss (84.2%) secondary to Mucositis and Xerostomia were the most predominant, serious and lasting adverse effects noted. Subjects also experienced markedly altered smell (63%) and taste (78%). Skin changes and alopecia was observed in all the subjects. Overall treatment duration was prolonged in 78.9% owing to severe toxicities, which necessitated withholding of last few cycles of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Subjects receiving concurrent Chemo-Radiotherapy experience a substantial number of treatment related adverse events, which had considerable effect on their Quality of life.
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Background: Hyponatremia is very common in clinical practice. Proper evaluation of hyponatremia is essential as causes are many and management of it depends on the aetiology and its long-term outcome. Aetiological evaluation of hyponatremia in hospitalised patients and its prognostic implication in disease outcome was undertaken as such studies were rare in this zone.Methods: One hundred patients whose serum sodium level was <135 mEq/L were studied. The serum sodium and osmolality and urinary sodium and osmolality were estimated in all. The degree of hyponatremia, outcome after treatment and duration of hospital stay were analysed.Results: The mean age was 60.5 years. There were 73% males and 27% females. The incidence of hyponatremia was 10.7%. The mean serum sodium was 129.96 mEq/L and urinary sodium was 40.3 mEq/lL while the mean serum osmolality was 272.8 mOsm/kg and urinary osmolality was 357.7 mOsm/kg. Euvolemia, hypervolemia and hypovolemia were observed in 51%, 28% and 21% respectively. The common clinical features were drowsiness (22%), disorientation (20%), fever (28%), nausea (24%), anorexia (15%), vomiting (14%), hiccup (10%). The common causes were SIADH (34%), renal causes (15%), sepsis (13%), endocrinopathy (11%) and diuretics (11%). The common comorbidities were hypertension (66%) and diabetes mellitus (41%). The mortality was 7%. No side effect was observed during management of hyponatremia.Conclusions: Proper management of hyponatremia irrespective of aetiology had a better prognosis. Factors which are modifiable should be searched and rectified.
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STUDY DESIGN: Development of an in vitro model for assessing the anti-inflammatory efficacies of naringin (Nar) and naringenin (NG).PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of natural flavonoids as therapeutic drugs against anti-inflammatory processes in the nucleus pulposus (NP) cells using in-vitro and in-silico methods.OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Intervertebral disc (IVD) disease is a common cause of low back pain. Chronic inflammation and degeneration play a significant role in its etiopathology. Thus, a better understanding of anti-inflammatory agents and their role in IVD degeneration and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression is necessary for pain management and regeneration in IVD.METHODS: We performed primary cell culture of NP cells; immunocytochemistry; gene expression studies of cytokines, metalloproteases, extracellular proteins, and apoptotic markers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); cytotoxicity assay (MTT); and molecular docking studies using AutoDock 4.2 software (Molecular Graphics Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, USA) to confirm the binding mode of proteins and synthesized complexes. We calculated the mean±standard deviation values and performed analysis of variance and t-test using SPSS ver. 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).RESULTS: Molecular docking showed that both Nar and NG bind to the selected genes of interest. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis reveals differential gene expression of collagen (COL)9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COL11A2, COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), and THBS2 (thrombospondin 2); up regulation of ACAN (aggrecan), COL1A1, COL11A1, interleukin (IL)6, IL10, IL18R1, IL18RAP, metalloprotease (MMP)2, MMP3, MMP9, ADAMTS5 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5), IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor), SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich), PARK2 (parkin), VDR (vitamin D receptor), and BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2); down regulation of IL1A, CASP3 (caspase 3), and nine genes with predetermined concentrations of Nar and NG.CONCLUSIONS: The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and regenerative efficiencies of Nar and NG in degenerated human NP cells. Altered gene expressions of cytokines, metalloproteases, extracellular proteins, apoptotic genes were dose responsive. The molecular docking (in silico) studies showed effective binding of these native ligands (Nar and NG) with genes identified as potent inhibitors of inflammation. Thus, these natural flavonoids could serve as anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of low back pain and sciatica.
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Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Caspase 3 , Collagen , Cysteine , Cytokines , Down-Regulation , Flavonoids , Gene Expression , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Inflammation , Interleukin-10 , Interleukins , Intervertebral Disc , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration , Ligands , Low Back Pain , Lymphoma , Metalloproteases , Models, Molecular , Pain Management , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Primary Cell Culture , Regeneration , Sciatica , Thrombospondins , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PURPOSE: To verify the feasibility and safety of outpatient microscopic lumbar discectomy (MLD) in a developing country. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Outpatient MLD is advantageous in terms of cost effectiveness and avoidance of nosocomial infections. Safety of outpatient MLD has been well established in the developed nations of North America and Europe. There is no published study of outpatient MLD from the rest of the world, especially in developing countries. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients undergoing outpatient MLD with a median follow-up time of 12 months (range, 6–21 months) were included in this study. Simultaneous patient counseling was done by a surgical and anesthetic team preoperatively and pre-discharge. We collected and analyzed data pertaining to the demography, socioeconomic status, perioperative parameters, complications, and outcome assessment scores of the patients. RESULTS: The average patient age was 37.8±9.6 years (39 males, 19 females). Unilateral discectomy was performed in 55 patients, and bilateral discectomy in three. The majority (80.3%) of the patients were classified to lower middle (III) or upper lower (IV) class on the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale. The average operative time was 41.0±8.4 minutes with an average blood loss of 42.6±14.9 mL. The average postoperative stay was 5.5±0.7 hours and the successful discharge rate was 100%. Complications noted were postoperative nausea (n=8), urinary retention (n=2), meralgia paresthetica (n=3), delayed wound healing (n=2), and recurrence (n=1). The successful outcome rates were Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score leg pain, 93.1%; VAS score back pain, 89.6%; Oswestry Disability Index score, 91.3%; return to activities of daily living, 94.8%; return to work, 79.3%; patient satisfaction rate, 82.7%; and overall success rate, 88.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient MLD can be safely performed with success, even in the setting of a developing country, if the prerequisites of appropriate patient selection, arduous adherence to outpatient surgery protocol, competent surgical/anesthetic team, and infrastructure needed for conduction of microsurgery are met.
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STUDY DESIGN: To induce scoliosis in young female Wistar rats using a noninvasive method and to validate this model. PURPOSE: To induce scoliosis in a rat model noninvasively by bracing and to study the corresponding gene-expression profile in the spine and different organs. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Scoliosis involves abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, the causes of which remain unclear. In the literature, it is suggested that scoliosis is genetically heterogeneous, as there are multiple factors involved directly or indirectly in its pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental studies were conducted to understand the etiology of anatomical alterations in the spine and internal organs, as the findings could help clinicians to establish new treatment approaches. METHODS: Twelve female Wistar rats aged 21 days were chosen for this study. Customized braces and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers for rats were designed using Primer 3 software. Radiological analysis (X-rays), histopathological studies, SYBR green, and RT-PCR analysis were performed. RESULTS: The spines of six rats were braced in a deformed position, which resulted in a permanent structural deformity as confirmed by X-ray studies. The remaining rats were used as controls. Quantitative studies of the expression of various genes (osteocalcin, pleiotrophins, matrix metalloproteinase-2 [MMP2] and MMP9, TIMP, interleukins 1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α) showed their differential expression and significant upregulation (p < 0.05) in different organs of scoliotic rats in comparison to those in control rats. Histopathological findings showed tissue necrosis and fibrosis in the brain, retina, pancreas, kidney, liver, and disc of scoliotic rats. CONCLUSIONS: Bracing is a noninvasive method for inducing scoliosis in an animal model with 100% reliability and with corresponding changes in gene expression. Scoliosis does not just involve a spine deformity, but can be referred to as a systemic disease on the basis of the pathological changes observed in various internal organs.
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Animals , Female , Humans , Rats , Braces , Brain , Congenital Abnormalities , Fibrosis , Gene Expression , Inflammation , Interleukins , Kidney , Liver , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 , Methods , Models, Animal , Necrosis , Pancreas , Rats, Wistar , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Retina , Scoliosis , Spine , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Background: Many diseases and conditions weaken the strength of tooth making it to fracture. Many cavity designsand materials are used to restore the tooth to bring about the normal function. The present study was done to determine which one of the three class II cavity design offer the best fracture resistance to the teeth when used with different restorative materials. Methods: 165 molars (150 intact and 15 carious) were collected and preserved in hydrogen peroxide. These teeth were divided into five groups and restored with silver amalgam, compomer (Dyract AP) and metal modified ionomer cement (Miracle mix). The restored teeth were subjected to a compressive load using Universal Testing Machine by flat and metallic die. Results: Conventional designs with amalgam restoration seemed to withstand more load when it was imparted through a flat surface (741 kg ±158 SD) compared to the box or slot designs. However, when the load was imparted through a metallic die, the slot design with compomer restoration gave the maximum value (SD) of 472 (±88) kg. When analyzed statistically on the difference in the fracture resistance among the different restoration materials and the different cavity designs, statistically significant values were found between certain combinations. Conclusion: The study concluded that in the case of silver amalgam material, the test conducted by flat surface gives the best strength for the conventional design which is 3% and 23% better than that of box type and slot type respectively. However, when tested with a metallic die, slot type takes 8.3% more load than the conventional type. Among the various restoration materials tested for, amalgam provides more strength followed by compomer and miracle mix.
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Background: Gypsum products are being used for construction of dental prosthesis. Most of the researches done sofar on gypsum materials are on its use as fixed and removable prosthodontics. And although many studies have looked at a multitude of means for altering its properties, relatively less has been explored on examining the abrasion resistance of the gypsum product itself. Objectives: The current study was done to determine the abrasion resistance of three commercially available type IV gypsum products on application of three die-hardeners when abraded with 20gm and 50gm load stylus. Methods:An experimental in vitro study was done in the Dept. of Prosthodontics, UP Dental College & Research Center and the Dept. of Pharmacy, BBD National Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow. A standardized machined die was fabricated so that the die consisted of 27 vertical ridges of 1mm depth. Three type IV gypsum products viz., Kalrock, Elite Rock and Denstone Plus and three die-hardeners viz., Hartebad die-hardener, Handae die-hardener and Maarc die-hardener were included in the study. 40 samples were prepared from each of the die-stones by pouring into impressions made by using the putty-wash technique. Resultantly, 120 samples were prepared which were let to mature. These 120 samples were divided into 24 groups, each group consisting of 5 samples. They were grouped as uncoated, coated with Hartebad die-hardener, coated with Handae die-hardener and coated with Maarc die-hardener. They were sub-grouped further for abrading under 20gm and 50gm loads by using an abrasion-testing machine. After 10 oscillations, the loss of mass was measured using analytical electronic machine. The different findings were compared by using appropriate statistical analytic tests. Results: The abrasion resistance of type IV gypsum products increased with the application of surface-hardeners irrespective of the load and Elite Rock showed better abrasive resistance while Denstone Plus showed lesser abrasion resistance among all the type IV gypsum products tested. Conclusion: Elite Rock when coated with Hartebad die-hardener showed maximum abrasion resistance irrespective of the load applied.
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Background: Peripheral venous catheter related blood stream infections (PVC-BSI) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. Most of the catheter related blood stream infections occurs due to lack of proper aseptic measures. This study points out the risk factors microbial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates associated with PVC-BSI. The common organisms causing Catheter related BSI are Staphylococcus aureus (41.1%), and Klebsiella species (17.6%) followed by CONS and Enterococcus species. Objective of present study was to isolate and identify the organisms causing PCV-BSI, perform antimicrobial sensitivity testing of isolated organisms and to identify the associated risk factors and preventive measures that should be used.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of one year from August 2015 to July 2016 in the Department of Microbiology. Study group comprised of all the patients with peripheral venous catheterization who developed signs and symptoms of septicemia after 48 hrs of insertion of PVC. These patients were followed up from the time of catheterization till discharge. Peripheral venous catheter tip was collected under aseptic condition along with peripheral blood samples from a site other than the catheterized one. Samples were collected from patients at any point of time who developed signs and symptoms of septicemia after 48 hrs of catheter insertion. The length of time for which the PVC was in place was recorded.Results: In total, 87 cases were included in the study with mean catheter duration of 4.8 days accounting for 418 catheter days. Out of these 87 cases, 17 cases developed PVC-BSI (19.5%) and 34 cases developed colonization (24.1%). Staphylococcus species (41.1%) was the most common isolate.